Online courses directory (418)

Indefinite integral as anti-derivative. Definite integral as area under a curve. Integration by parts. U-substitution. Trig substitution. Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. Indefinite integrals of x raised to a power. Antiderivative of hairier expression. Basic trig and exponential antiderivatives. Antiderivative of x^-1. Simple Riemann approximation using rectangles. Generalizing a left Riemann sum with equally spaced rectangles. Rectangular and trapezoidal Riemann approximations. Trapezoidal approximation of area under curve. Riemann sums and integrals. Deriving integration by parts formula. Antiderivative of xcosx using integration by parts. Integral of ln x. Integration by parts twice for antiderivative of (x^2)(e^x). Integration by parts of (e^x)(cos x). U-substitution. U-substitution example 2. U-substitution Example 3. U-substitution with ln(x). Doing u-substitution twice (second time with w). U-substitution and back substitution. U-substitution with definite integral. (2^ln x)/x Antiderivative Example. Another u-substitution example. Riemann sums and integrals. Intuition for Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Evaluating simple definite integral. Definite integrals and negative area. Area between curves. Area between curves with multiple boundaries. Challenging definite integration. Introduction to definite integrals. Definite integrals (part II). Definite Integrals (area under a curve) (part III). Definite Integrals (part 4). Definite Integrals (part 5). Definite integral with substitution. Introduction to trig substitution. Another substitution with x=sin (theta). Integrals: Trig Substitution 1. Trig and U substitution together (part 1). Trig and U substitution together (part 2). Trig substitution with tangent. Integrals: Trig Substitution 2. Integrals: Trig Substitution 3 (long problem). Fundamental theorem of calculus. Applying the fundamental theorem of calculus. Swapping the bounds for definite integral. Both bounds being a function of x. Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Connecting the first and second fundamental theorems of calculus. Introduction to improper integrals. Improper integral with two infinite bounds. Divergent improper integral. Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. Indefinite integrals of x raised to a power. Antiderivative of hairier expression. Basic trig and exponential antiderivatives. Antiderivative of x^-1. Simple Riemann approximation using rectangles. Generalizing a left Riemann sum with equally spaced rectangles. Rectangular and trapezoidal Riemann approximations. Trapezoidal approximation of area under curve. Riemann sums and integrals. Deriving integration by parts formula. Antiderivative of xcosx using integration by parts. Integral of ln x. Integration by parts twice for antiderivative of (x^2)(e^x). Integration by parts of (e^x)(cos x). U-substitution. U-substitution example 2. U-substitution Example 3. U-substitution with ln(x). Doing u-substitution twice (second time with w). U-substitution and back substitution. U-substitution with definite integral. (2^ln x)/x Antiderivative Example. Another u-substitution example. Riemann sums and integrals. Intuition for Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Evaluating simple definite integral. Definite integrals and negative area. Area between curves. Area between curves with multiple boundaries. Challenging definite integration. Introduction to definite integrals. Definite integrals (part II). Definite Integrals (area under a curve) (part III). Definite Integrals (part 4). Definite Integrals (part 5). Definite integral with substitution. Introduction to trig substitution. Another substitution with x=sin (theta). Integrals: Trig Substitution 1. Trig and U substitution together (part 1). Trig and U substitution together (part 2). Trig substitution with tangent. Integrals: Trig Substitution 2. Integrals: Trig Substitution 3 (long problem). Fundamental theorem of calculus. Applying the fundamental theorem of calculus. Swapping the bounds for definite integral. Both bounds being a function of x. Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Connecting the first and second fundamental theorems of calculus. Introduction to improper integrals. Improper integral with two infinite bounds. Divergent improper integral.

Limit introduction, squeeze theorem, and epsilon-delta definition of limits. Introduction to limits. Limit at a point of discontinuity. Determining which limit statements are true. Limit properties. Limit example 1. Limits 1. One-sided limits from graphs. One-sided limits from graphs. Introduction to Limits. Limit Examples (part 1). Limit Examples (part 2). Limit Examples (part 3). Limit Examples w/ brain malfunction on first prob (part 4). More Limits. Limits 1. Limits and infinity. Limits at positive and negative infinity. More limits at infinity. Limits with two horizontal asymptotes. Limits 2. Squeeze Theorem. Proof: lim (sin x)/x. Limit intuition review. Building the idea of epsilon-delta definition. Epsilon-delta definition of limits. Proving a limit using epsilon-delta definition. Limits to define continuity. Continuity. Epsilon Delta Limit Definition 1. Epsilon Delta Limit Definition 2. Introduction to limits. Limit at a point of discontinuity. Determining which limit statements are true. Limit properties. Limit example 1. Limits 1. One-sided limits from graphs. One-sided limits from graphs. Introduction to Limits. Limit Examples (part 1). Limit Examples (part 2). Limit Examples (part 3). Limit Examples w/ brain malfunction on first prob (part 4). More Limits. Limits 1. Limits and infinity. Limits at positive and negative infinity. More limits at infinity. Limits with two horizontal asymptotes. Limits 2. Squeeze Theorem. Proof: lim (sin x)/x. Limit intuition review. Building the idea of epsilon-delta definition. Epsilon-delta definition of limits. Proving a limit using epsilon-delta definition. Limits to define continuity. Continuity. Epsilon Delta Limit Definition 1. Epsilon Delta Limit Definition 2.

Line integral of scalar and vector-valued functions. Green's theorem and 2-D divergence theorem. Introduction to the Line Integral. Line Integral Example 1. Line Integral Example 2 (part 1). Line Integral Example 2 (part 2). Position Vector Valued Functions. Derivative of a position vector valued function. Differential of a vector valued function. Vector valued function derivative example. Line Integrals and Vector Fields. Using a line integral to find the work done by a vector field example. Parametrization of a Reverse Path. Scalar Field Line Integral Independent of Path Direction. Vector Field Line Integrals Dependent on Path Direction. Path Independence for Line Integrals. Closed Curve Line Integrals of Conservative Vector Fields. Example of Closed Line Integral of Conservative Field. Second Example of Line Integral of Conservative Vector Field. Green's Theorem Proof Part 1. Green's Theorem Proof (part 2). Green's Theorem Example 1. Green's Theorem Example 2. Constructing a unit normal vector to a curve. 2 D Divergence Theorem. Conceptual clarification for 2-D Divergence Theorem. Introduction to the Line Integral. Line Integral Example 1. Line Integral Example 2 (part 1). Line Integral Example 2 (part 2). Position Vector Valued Functions. Derivative of a position vector valued function. Differential of a vector valued function. Vector valued function derivative example. Line Integrals and Vector Fields. Using a line integral to find the work done by a vector field example. Parametrization of a Reverse Path. Scalar Field Line Integral Independent of Path Direction. Vector Field Line Integrals Dependent on Path Direction. Path Independence for Line Integrals. Closed Curve Line Integrals of Conservative Vector Fields. Example of Closed Line Integral of Conservative Field. Second Example of Line Integral of Conservative Vector Field. Green's Theorem Proof Part 1. Green's Theorem Proof (part 2). Green's Theorem Example 1. Green's Theorem Example 2. Constructing a unit normal vector to a curve. 2 D Divergence Theorem. Conceptual clarification for 2-D Divergence Theorem.

Thinking about forms of derivatives in multi-dimensions and for vector-valued functions: partial derivatives, gradient, divergence and curl. Partial Derivatives. Partial Derivatives 2. Gradient 1. Gradient of a scalar field. Divergence 1. Divergence 2. Divergence 3. Curl 1. Curl 2. Curl 3. Partial Derivatives. Partial Derivatives 2. Gradient 1. Gradient of a scalar field. Divergence 1. Divergence 2. Divergence 3. Curl 1. Curl 2. Curl 3.

Sequences, series and approximating functions. Maclaurin and Taylor series. Sequences and Series (part 1). Sequences and series (part 2). Maclaurin and Taylor Series Intuition. Cosine Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin). Sine Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin). Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin) for e to the x. Euler's Formula and Euler's Identity. Visualizing Taylor Series Approximations. Generalized Taylor Series Approximation. Visualizing Taylor Series for e^x. Error or Remainder of a Taylor Polynomial Approximation. Proof: Bounding the Error or Remainder of a Taylor Polynomial Approximation. Polynomial approximation of functions (part 1). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 2). Approximating functions with polynomials (part 3). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 4). Polynomial approximations of functions (part 5). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 6). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 7). Taylor Polynomials. Sequences and Series (part 1). Sequences and series (part 2). Maclaurin and Taylor Series Intuition. Cosine Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin). Sine Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin). Taylor Series at 0 (Maclaurin) for e to the x. Euler's Formula and Euler's Identity. Visualizing Taylor Series Approximations. Generalized Taylor Series Approximation. Visualizing Taylor Series for e^x. Error or Remainder of a Taylor Polynomial Approximation. Proof: Bounding the Error or Remainder of a Taylor Polynomial Approximation. Polynomial approximation of functions (part 1). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 2). Approximating functions with polynomials (part 3). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 4). Polynomial approximations of functions (part 5). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 6). Polynomial approximation of functions (part 7). Taylor Polynomials.

This course provides a brisk, challenging, and dynamic treatment of differential and integral calculus, with an emphasis on conceptual understanding and applications to the engineering, physical, and social sciences.

Using definite integrals with the shell and disc methods to find volumes of solids of revolution. Disk method around x-axis. Generalizing disc method around x-axis. Disc method around y-axis. Disc method (washer method) for rotation around x-axis. Generalizing the washer method. Disc method rotation around horizontal line. Washer method rotating around non-axis. Part 2 of washer for non axis rotation. Disc method rotating around vertical line. Calculating integral disc method around vertical line. Washer or ring method for vertical line rotation. Evaluating integral for washer method around vertical line. Shell method for rotating around vertical line. Evaluating integral for shell method example. Shell method for rotating around horizontal line. Shell method with two functions of x. Calculating integral with shell method. Shell method with two functions of y. Part 2 of shell method with 2 functions of y. Disc method: function rotated about x-axis. Disc method (rotating f(x) about x axis). Volume of a sphere. Disc method with outer and inner function boundaries. Shell method to rotate around y-axis. Disk method: rotating x=f(y) around the y-axis. Shell method around a non-axis line. Shell method around a non-axis line 2. Disk method around x-axis. Generalizing disc method around x-axis. Disc method around y-axis. Disc method (washer method) for rotation around x-axis. Generalizing the washer method. Disc method rotation around horizontal line. Washer method rotating around non-axis. Part 2 of washer for non axis rotation. Disc method rotating around vertical line. Calculating integral disc method around vertical line. Washer or ring method for vertical line rotation. Evaluating integral for washer method around vertical line. Shell method for rotating around vertical line. Evaluating integral for shell method example. Shell method for rotating around horizontal line. Shell method with two functions of x. Calculating integral with shell method. Shell method with two functions of y. Part 2 of shell method with 2 functions of y. Disc method: function rotated about x-axis. Disc method (rotating f(x) about x axis). Volume of a sphere. Disc method with outer and inner function boundaries. Shell method to rotate around y-axis. Disk method: rotating x=f(y) around the y-axis. Shell method around a non-axis line. Shell method around a non-axis line 2.

Parameterizing a surface. Surface integrals. Stokes' theorem. Introduction to Parametrizing a Surface with Two Parameters. Determining a Position Vector-Valued Function for a Parametrization of Two Parameters. Partial Derivatives of Vector-Valued Functions. Introduction to the Surface Integral. Example of calculating a surface integral part 1. Example of calculating a surface integral part 2. Example of calculating a surface integral part 3. Surface Integral Example Part 1 - Parameterizing the Unit Sphere. Surface Integral Example Part 2 - Calculating the Surface Differential. Surface Integral Example Part 3 - The Home Stretch. Surface Integral Ex2 part 1 - Parameterizing the Surface. Surface Integral Ex2 part 2 - Evaluating Integral. Surface Integral Ex3 part 1 - Parameterizing the Outside Surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 2 - Evaluating the Outside Surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 3 - Top surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 4 - Home Stretch. Conceptual Understanding of Flux in Three Dimensions. Constructing a unit normal vector to a surface. Vector representation of a Surface Integral. Stokes' Theorem Intuition. Green's and Stokes' Theorem Relationship. Orienting Boundary with Surface. Orientation and Stokes. Conditions for Stokes Theorem. Stokes Example Part 1. Part 2 Parameterizing the Surface. Stokes Example Part 3 - Surface to Double Integral. Stokes Example Part 4 - Curl and Final Answer. Evaluating Line Integral Directly - Part 1. Evaluating Line Integral Directly - Part 2. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 1. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 2. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 3. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 4. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 5. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 6. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 7. Introduction to Parametrizing a Surface with Two Parameters. Determining a Position Vector-Valued Function for a Parametrization of Two Parameters. Partial Derivatives of Vector-Valued Functions. Introduction to the Surface Integral. Example of calculating a surface integral part 1. Example of calculating a surface integral part 2. Example of calculating a surface integral part 3. Surface Integral Example Part 1 - Parameterizing the Unit Sphere. Surface Integral Example Part 2 - Calculating the Surface Differential. Surface Integral Example Part 3 - The Home Stretch. Surface Integral Ex2 part 1 - Parameterizing the Surface. Surface Integral Ex2 part 2 - Evaluating Integral. Surface Integral Ex3 part 1 - Parameterizing the Outside Surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 2 - Evaluating the Outside Surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 3 - Top surface. Surface Integral Ex3 part 4 - Home Stretch. Conceptual Understanding of Flux in Three Dimensions. Constructing a unit normal vector to a surface. Vector representation of a Surface Integral. Stokes' Theorem Intuition. Green's and Stokes' Theorem Relationship. Orienting Boundary with Surface. Orientation and Stokes. Conditions for Stokes Theorem. Stokes Example Part 1. Part 2 Parameterizing the Surface. Stokes Example Part 3 - Surface to Double Integral. Stokes Example Part 4 - Curl and Final Answer. Evaluating Line Integral Directly - Part 1. Evaluating Line Integral Directly - Part 2. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 1. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 2. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 3. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 4. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 5. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 6. Stokes' Theorem Proof Part 7.

Calculating derivatives. Power rule. Product and quotient rules. Chain Rule. Implicit differentiation. Derivatives of common functions. Newton Leibniz and Usain Bolt. Slope of a line secant to a curve. Slope of a secant line example 1. Slope of a secant line example 2. Slope of a secant line example 3. Approximating instantaneous rate of change word problem. Approximating equation of tangent line word problem. Slope of secant lines. Derivative as slope of a tangent line. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 1. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 2. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 3. Tangent slope is limiting value of secant slope. Calculating slope of tangent line using derivative definition. Derivatives 1. The derivative of f(x)=x^2 for any x. Formal and alternate form of the derivative. Formal and alternate form of the derivative for ln x. Formal and alternate form of the derivative example 1. The formal and alternate form of the derivative. Interpreting slope of a curve exercise. Recognizing slope of curves. Calculus: Derivatives 1. Calculus: Derivatives 2. Derivative Intuition Module. Derivative intuition. Graphs of functions and their derivatives example 1. Where a function is not differentiable. Identifying a function's derivative example. Figuring out which function is the the derivative. Graphs of functions and their derivatives. Intuitively drawing the derivative of a function. Intuitively drawing the antiderivative of a function. Visualizing derivatives exercise. Visualizing derivatives. Power Rule. Is the power rule reasonable. Derivative properties and polynomial derivatives. Power rule. Proof: d/dx(x^n). Proof: d/dx(sqrt(x)). Power rule introduction. Derivatives of sin x, cos x, tan x, e^x and ln x. Special derivatives. Chain rule introduction. Chain rule definition and example. Chain rule with triple composition. Chain rule for derivative of 2^x. Derivative of log with arbitrary base. Chain rule 1. Extreme Derivative Word Problem (advanced). The Chain Rule. Chain Rule Examples. Even More Chain Rule. More examples using multiple rules. Derivatives of sin x, cos x, tan x, e^x and ln x. Special derivatives. Applying the product rule for derivatives. Product rule for more than two functions. Product rule. Quotient rule from product rule. Quotient rule for derivative of tan x. Quotient rule. Using the product rule and the chain rule. Product Rule. Quotient rule and common derivatives. Equation of a tangent line. Implicit differentiation. Showing explicit and implicit differentiation give same result. Implicit derivative of (x-y)^2 = x + y + 1. Implicit derivative of y = cos(5x - 3y). Implicit derivative of (x^2+y^2)^3 = 5x^2y^2. Finding slope of tangent line with implicit differentiation. Implicit derivative of e^(xy^2) = x - y. Derivative of x^(x^x). Implicit differentiation. Proof: d/dx(ln x) = 1/x. Proof: d/dx(e^x) = e^x. Proofs of derivatives of ln(x) and e^x. Newton Leibniz and Usain Bolt. Slope of a line secant to a curve. Slope of a secant line example 1. Slope of a secant line example 2. Slope of a secant line example 3. Approximating instantaneous rate of change word problem. Approximating equation of tangent line word problem. Slope of secant lines. Derivative as slope of a tangent line. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 1. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 2. Tangent slope as limiting value of secant slope example 3. Tangent slope is limiting value of secant slope. Calculating slope of tangent line using derivative definition. Derivatives 1. The derivative of f(x)=x^2 for any x. Formal and alternate form of the derivative. Formal and alternate form of the derivative for ln x. Formal and alternate form of the derivative example 1. The formal and alternate form of the derivative. Interpreting slope of a curve exercise. Recognizing slope of curves. Calculus: Derivatives 1. Calculus: Derivatives 2. Derivative Intuition Module. Derivative intuition. Graphs of functions and their derivatives example 1. Where a function is not differentiable. Identifying a function's derivative example. Figuring out which function is the the derivative. Graphs of functions and their derivatives. Intuitively drawing the derivative of a function. Intuitively drawing the antiderivative of a function. Visualizing derivatives exercise. Visualizing derivatives. Power Rule. Is the power rule reasonable. Derivative properties and polynomial derivatives. Power rule. Proof: d/dx(x^n). Proof: d/dx(sqrt(x)). Power rule introduction. Derivatives of sin x, cos x, tan x, e^x and ln x. Special derivatives. Chain rule introduction. Chain rule definition and example. Chain rule with triple composition. Chain rule for derivative of 2^x. Derivative of log with arbitrary base. Chain rule 1. Extreme Derivative Word Problem (advanced). The Chain Rule. Chain Rule Examples. Even More Chain Rule. More examples using multiple rules. Derivatives of sin x, cos x, tan x, e^x and ln x. Special derivatives. Applying the product rule for derivatives. Product rule for more than two functions. Product rule. Quotient rule from product rule. Quotient rule for derivative of tan x. Quotient rule. Using the product rule and the chain rule. Product Rule. Quotient rule and common derivatives. Equation of a tangent line. Implicit differentiation. Showing explicit and implicit differentiation give same result. Implicit derivative of (x-y)^2 = x + y + 1. Implicit derivative of y = cos(5x - 3y). Implicit derivative of (x^2+y^2)^3 = 5x^2y^2. Finding slope of tangent line with implicit differentiation. Implicit derivative of e^(xy^2) = x - y. Derivative of x^(x^x). Implicit differentiation. Proof: d/dx(ln x) = 1/x. Proof: d/dx(e^x) = e^x. Proofs of derivatives of ln(x) and e^x.

Sal works through the problems from the CA Standards.

CA Algebra I: Number Properties and Absolute Value. CA Algebra I: Simplifying Expressions. CA Algebra I: Simple Logical Arguments. CA Algebra I: Graphing Inequalities. CA Algebra I: Slope and Y-intercept. CA Algebra I: Systems of Inequalities. CA Algebra I: Simplifying Expressions. CA Algebra I: Factoring Quadratics. CA Algebra I: Completing the Square. CA Algebra I: Quadratic Equation. CA Algebra I: Quadratic Roots. CA Algebra I: Rational Expressions 1. CA Algebra I: Rational Expressions 2. CA Algebra I: Word Problems. CA Algebra I: More Word Problems. CA Algebra I: Functions.

Sal works through 80 questions taken from the California Standards Test for Algebra II.

California Standards Test: Algebra II. California Standards Test: Algebra II (Graphing Inequalities). CA Standards: Algebra II (Algebraic Division/Multiplication). CA Standards: Algebra II. Algebra II: Simplifying Polynomials. Algebra II: Imaginary and Complex Numbers. Algebra II: Complex numbers and conjugates. Algebra II: Quadratics and Shifts. Examples: Graphing and interpreting quadratics. Hyperbola and parabola examples. Algebra II: Circles and Logarithms. Algebra II: Logarithms Exponential Growth. Algebra II: Logarithms and more. Algebra II: Functions, Combinatorics. Algebra II: binomial Expansion and Combinatorics. Algebra II: Binomial Expansions, Geometric Series Sum. Algebra II: Functions and Probability. Algebra II: Probability and Statistics. Algebra II: Mean and Standard Deviation.

CA Geometry: deductive reasoning. CA Geometry: Proof by Contradiction. CA Geometry: More Proofs. CA Geometry: Similar Triangles 1. CA Geometry: Similar Triangles 2. CA Geometry: More on congruent and similar triangles. CA Geometry: Triangles and Parallelograms. CA Geometry: Area, Pythagorean Theorem. CA Geometry: Area, Circumference, Volume. CA Geometry: Pythagorean Theorem, Area. CA Geometry: Exterior Angles. CA Geometry: Deducing Angle Measures. CA Geometry: Pythagorean Theorem, Compass Constructions. CA Geometry: Compass Construction. CA Geometry: Basic Trigonometry. CA Geometry: More Trig. CA Geometry: Circle Area Chords Tangent. CA Geometry: Secants and Translations.

Sal does the 80 problems from the released questions from the California Standards Test for Geometry.

This course provides an introduction to causal and statistical reasoning. After taking this course, students will be better prepared to make rational decisions about their own lives and about matters of social policy. They will be able to assess criticallyeven if informallyclaims that they encounter during discussions or when considering a news article or report. A variety of materials are presented, including Case Studies where students are given the opportunity to examine a causal claim, and the Causality Lab, a virtual environment to simulate the science of causal discovery. Students have frequent opportunities to check their understanding and practice their skills. This course is meant to serve students in several situations. One, it is meant for students who will only take one such research methods course, and are interested in gaining basic skills that will help them to think critically about claims they come across in their daily lives, such as through a news article. Two, it is meant for students who will take a few statistics courses in service of a related field of study. Three, it is meant for students interested in the foundations of quantitative causal models: called Bayes Networks.

Types of Decay. Half-Life. Exponential Decay Formula Proof (can skip, involves Calculus). Introduction to Exponential Decay. More Exponential Decay Examples. Types of Decay. Half-Life. Exponential Decay Formula Proof (can skip, involves Calculus). Introduction to Exponential Decay. More Exponential Decay Examples.

Learn the concepts and methods of linear algebra, and how to use them to think about computational problems arising in computer science. Coursework includes building on the concepts to write small programs and run them on real data.

Ders çok değişkenli fonksiyonlardaki ikili dizinin birincisidir. Burada çok değişkenli fonksiyonlardaki temel türev ve entegral kavramlarını geliştirmek ve bu konulardaki problemleri çözmekteki temel yöntemleri sunmaktadır. Ders gerçek yaşamdan gelen uygulamaları da tanıtmaya önem veren “içerikli yaklaşımla” tasarlanmıştır.

Ders çok değişkenli fonksiyonlardaki iki derslik dizinin ikincisidir. Birinci ders türev ve entegral kavramlarını geliştirmekte ve bu konulardaki problemleri temel çözme yöntemlerini sunmaktadır. Bu ders, birinci derste geliştirilen temeller üzerine daha ileri konuları işlemekte ve daha kapsamlı uygulamalar ve çözümlü örnekler sunmaktadır. Ders gerçek yaşamdan gelen uygulamaları da tanıtmaya önem veren “içerikli yaklaşımla” tasarlanmıştır.