Online courses directory (19947)
This course focuses on the organization and administration of adult and higher education from legislative, legal, structural-functional, power, political, bureaucratic, and social perspectives. Topics covered include: governance, central office organization, administrative position analysis, faculty organization, faculty participation in policy formation and decision making, academic freedom, goals analysis, budgetary policies and methods, and decision strategies in handling a representative set of administrative problems presented in a variety of formats.
Fostering employee growth and maintaining efficient on-boarding and on-the-job training is essential for all companies and organisations. Digital learning offers the technologies, administration and tools that will optimise your return on education. This course will provide you with the Corporate Digital Learning (CDL) methods you or your company need to improve engagement, knowledge transfer and job performance.
A central aspect of this is approach is social online learning. This course in itself wants to create a CDL professional community: co-creating knowledge and exchanging ideas and best practices through dialogue and exchange amongst other learning professionals.
This free and open course is offered by KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft and facilitated by Dr. Jeanny Wildi-Yune. KPMG is a leading international network of professional firms providing audit, tax, consultancy and advisory services. In 155 countries across the globe, the KPMG network has more than 150,000 people working in member firms. Dr. Jeanny Wildi-Yune is an experienced senior consultant at the German KPMG member firm, with over 20 years experience in the field of education and extensive experience in corporate education in particular.
What will I learn?

Who should take this course?
Anyone interested in exploring online learning methods, especially in the business setting, has something to gain from this course. More specific groups include:
Business professionals: HR and L&D managers, general managers
- Find more cost-effective, scalable and engaging e-learning formats
- Take advantage of new trends, products, services for a higher return on education
Learning professionals: Coaches, trainers, teachers
- Engage and exchange ideas with a global community of learning professionals in the field
- Stay on top of marketing trends, thought leadership and best practices
This course is an introductory course on the significance of water in our world. The title of the course makes reference to (1) water as a global and local natural resource (Water), (2) water as a chemical compound with important properties and characteristics (H20), and (3) the science and technology of bringing clean water to peoples in need (WaTER, an acronym for “Water Technologies for Emerging Regions”). The course is designed to generate awareness of water’s beneficial uses as well as the challenges associated with water quality, degradation, scarcity, over-abundance (flooding), and inequities in access to clean water. It will also introduce the students to the need to consider both technological options and cultural context in determining sustainable solutions to water problems.
This course will provide information on the science of Hydraulic Fracturing, a key process used to extract oil and gas resources, and its relationship with water resources. The purpose of this course is to provide a balanced and comprehensive understanding of the background, processes, and regulations related to Hydraulic Fracturing, its reliance on water and the protections used to safeguard water resources. Students taking this course will gain a fuller understanding of the role hydraulic fracturing plays in the production of oil and gas in the U.S. and particularly in Oklahoma. The course will expose students to industry experts, academic experts and people who regulate oil and gas operations. During this online course students will have the opportunity to review up to date policies and new directions in sustainable development of oil and gas resources.
This course is designed as a vocabulary of the main terms used by all of us when talking about local as well as world politics. We often use these terms without a proper awareness of their meanings and connections, a circumstance not exactly helpful for any attempt to understand how politics really works, regardless of our wishful thinking or simplistic morality or easy cynicism.
Now, if we want to go deeper into the workings of politics - the only serious starting point for those who want reform - we must agree to begin with very abstract notions. This includes the general definitions of what politics, conflict, power (incl. force/violence), and what legitimate power mean (Part 1: What is Politics?). On these premises, we will then explain the still main political institution, the state, and peer into the dynamics of war and peace that has dominated the relationships between the states (Part 2: How Does Politics Work?). Since with economic globalisation, which has restricted the room for political action, things are getting much more complicated on the planet, and more challenging outside of it (man-made climate change starts in the atmosphere), classical notions have to be rethought. The very nature of the threats endangering our global commons does not leave the definition of politics (Part 3: World Politics and the Future).
This course does not aim at communicating any 'message' as to how politics ought to be. However, we will obviously try to clarify the main concepts - freedom, equality, justice - concepts we will make use of while talking about values and principles in politics. This is, what is called 'normative political philosophy' and is regarded here as an important chapter of political philosophy, not the whole of it (Part 4: Ethics and Politics).
What will I learn?
At the end of the course, you will have achieved a clearer and less confused awareness of political vocabulary, thus gaining a more complex, more autonomous and more critical understanding of political processes. If you are a student of political science, law, sociology and economics you will gain better tools for catching the overarching sense of processes. This will help you overcome an otherwise fragmented perspective and perspective.
My teaching method aims primarily at defining and discussing concepts, not illustrating authors or providing historical narratives; needless to say, there will be plenty of references to authors, books, events and processes, in particular with regard to the evolution of political modernity.
What do I have to know?
Due to my conceptual approach, to follow this course you do not need a prior knowledge of philosophy or political science, just the degree of general culture needed to pass the final high school exam, be it Abitur, maturità, baccalauréat or 高考(gao kao).
Course Structure
Chapter 1:
Aim and method of the course. General information. Two definitions of politics.
Chapter 2:
Disassembling the classical definition, and its components: Conflict, (Legitimate) Power, Force.
Chapter 3:
Questions about power. A word on political philosophy.
Chapter 4:
The subjective side of politics, legitimacy, political identity and political obligation.
Chapter 5:
Political order, political institutions, models of order: From Aristotle to Hegel.
Chapter 6:
The (modern) state. Basic thoughts on democracy.
Chapter 7:
The states: Power, peace, and war in the anarchical society.
Chapter 8:
Globalisation and global governance.
Chapter 9:
Global challenges and politics after modernity.
Chapter 10:
Liberty and equality.
Chapter 11:
Justice.
Chapter 12:
Ethics and politics in modernity.
In this course, you will learn such concepts as oil and gas production, reservoir energy and forces, petroleum deposit drainage, development systems, well operation techniques and much more. Each participant in the course will develop an understanding of field life cycle and interdisciplinary approach to petroleum field development and operation.
Throughout the course, we will address the following topical areas:
• History of oil and gas application, international petroleum reserves
• Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology: rock cycle; oil, gas and water deposits; oil and gas composition; oil generation; prospecting for oil and gas fields
• Major exploration techniques, seismic methods, well testing; basics of reservoir engineering and modelling
• Basics of well drilling and production
What will I learn in this course?
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• Analyse and apply theoretical knowledge in the area of petroleum geology, reservoir engineering and production technology.
• Describe major exploration and production techniques and processes.
• Distinguish between major enhanced oil and gas recovery techniques.
• Understand application areas of petrochemical products.
• Analyse global situation in the petroleum industry and its influence of people’s daily lives.
Who should participate in this course?
Anyone who is interested in learning more about the petroleum industry is welcome to join this introductory course. More specific groups include:
• High school students planning a career, and their parents
• Graduates holding BSc or Engineering degrees looking for further training options
• Petroleum company employees with a non-petroleum educational background who are not involved directly in field exploration and development (finance, marketing, management, HR, etc.) but require general understanding of petroleum industry.
What do I need to know?
No prior knowledge or specific skills are necessary for joining this course. Just bring your curiosity, attention and will. From our side, we tried our best to make the course as interesting and visually compelling as possible, and put together many exciting activities for you.
Course Structure
Week 1: Introduction: Petroleum in Our Life
Week 2: Petroleum Geology
Week 3: Exploration Geophysics. Well Logging. Well Testing
Week 4: Reservoir Engineering
Week 5: Drilling
Week 6: Production Technology
Week 7: Enhanced Recovery Techniques
This course is an introduction to the basic principles of geology and is a general education course for science and engineering majors. It serves both as an introduction for those planning to continue in geology and as a comprehensive overview of geology for students in other fields. This course will also emphasize the social, economic, and political implications of geology processes. Students will complete this course using online resources and activities as well as in class activities.
In this course we will trace the development of science in diverse cultural contexts from antiquity to early modern times. We will explore the growth and interaction of a wide variety of subject areas in science, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, mathematics, medicine and technology. We will seek to understand how scientific discoveries and methods were rooted in specific geographical, artistic, literary, philosophical, religious and political traditions. We will ponder how they were transmitted across cultures as diverse as the ancient empires of Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome, the civilizations of India, China, and the Islamic Middle East, as well as in medieval and Renaissance Europe. The connections we identify between science and culture in pre-modern eras will throw light upon the nature of science and society today.
Workers’ Rights are Human Rights. International Labour Standards are designed to provide minimum levels of protection every worker should enjoy. They serve as safeguards against exploitative and dangerous working conditions. Reaffirmed by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, fundamental rights and dignity at the workplace are a precondition for building inclusive and sustainable societies. However, making respect for workers’ rights a reality remains a daily struggle for far too many.
This short online course offers a mix of video lectures, readings, discussion questions and self-learning options to provide you with knowledge and practical skills for using International Labour Standards to promote and defend worker’s rights worldwide.
What will I learn
At the end of the course you will understand the concept behind International Labour Standards, as well as their standard setting process at the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
You will have a sound overview on the functioning of the ILO supervisory mechanisms and how you can use them to promote and defend workers’ rights in your country or at the international level. You will also have a good understanding of the fundamentals on Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, as well as the right to strike as a key element for realising workers’ rights.
What do I need to know?
No prior knowledge is required.
Course Structure
Chapter 1: Introduction to International Labour Standards (ILS)
What is the concept behind International Labour Standards? Which types of International Labour Standards exist and how are they set? Which actors are involved and how are they interlinked? This chapter provides an overview on International Labour Standards and lays the foundation for understanding the standard setting mechanisms at the ILO. In particular, we have a close look at the role of trade unions in setting International Labour Standards.
Chapter 2: Supervision of International Labour Standards (ILS)
This chapter aims at enabling you to understand and use the ILO supervisory mechanisms for the protection of workers’ rights. The elaborate process is illustrated in a concise and hands-on way, and we take you through it step by step. Again, we pay particular attention to what trade unions can do to make effective use of the ILO supervisory mechanisms.
Chapter 3: Freedom of Association, Collective Bargaining and the right to strike
Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining are ‘enabling rights’ at the heart of decent work. But what is the legal concept of Freedom of Association under Convention 87 and what makes it fundamental to the implementation of International Labour Standards? This chapter also provides you with an overview on the current debate on the right to strike as a key element of Freedom of Association.
Line-up of contributors
Beatriz Vacotto
- Legal specialist and Coordinator of the Wages, Working Time, Maritime and Specific Workers Team, International Labour Standards Department, ILO
- Main areas of interest: Support to trade unions on issues related to International Labour Standards and the ILO supervisory mechanisms.
Jeffrey Vogt
- Legal Director, International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
- Main areas of interest: trade and labour standards, freedom of association, precarious work, comparative labour law
Prof. Dr. Stefanie Lorenzen
- Professor of Employment and Labour Law at the Berlin School of Economics and Law, Department of Business and Economics, Germany
- Author of the video lectures on Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining of this course
- Main areas of interest: employment law, co-determination, right to collective bargaining, international and European labour law
Prof. Paul Whitehead
- Professor of Practice in Labor Studies and Employment Relations at Penn State University, USA
- Main areas of interest: Trade unions, collective bargaining, labor and employment law, international labor law, international human resources, trade law, and programs for pensions, health care, and social security
Maité Llanos
- International project coordinator, Global Labour University
- Global Labour University Online tutor
Tandiwe Gross
- Associate Expert at the Bureau for Workers’ Activities, ILO
- International coordinator of the Global Labour University’s Online Education Programs
The course approaches migration as a constant phenomenon in human history and examines its main supporting theories. It illustrates theories about people's individual decisions to migrate and also the factors of migration as a structural feature of our societies. It explains the role social networks and institutions play in making people move to another country, or return to their own. Finally, it includes interviews with international experts that describe how migration theories can help to understand some topical case studies of labour migrations in the world.
The course is based on video lectures, didactic videos and podcast interviews with international experts. Assignments consist of short quizzes for each unit and a journal exercise at the end of the course. Suggestions for further reading will be included in order to achieve a more in-depth understanding.
To learn more about irregular migration and asylum seeking, check out Part 1: Facts
What will I learn?
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
- identify the fundamental terminology used in theoretical debates on migration;
- illustrate the main theoretical approaches that explain the motivations for people to move and settle outside their home countries;
- apply main theories to the interpretation of real case studies.
Who is this course for?
This course is meant as a general introduction to migration issues for students and practitioners.
What do I need to know?
We encourage you to take Part 1: The Facts of this MOOC series. Knowledge of English language is essential. Previous knowledge of basic sociological or economic debates can be an advantage, although this is not a compulsory prerequisite. The only other requirement is enthusiasm and interest in the topic.
Course Structure
CHAPTER 1 – MIGRATION AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON
Unit 1.1 – Migration in human history
Unit 1.2 – Contemporary trends
CHAPTER 2 - WHY MIGRATION STARTS?
Unit 2.1 – Migration as a choice
Unit 2.2 – Migration as a consequence
CHAPTER 3 – WHY MIGRATION CONTINUES?
Unit 3.1 – The importance of networks
Unit 3.2 – The role of institutions
Unit 3.2 – Return migration (podcast with Jean-Pierre Cassarino)
CHAPTER 4 – EXAMPLES
Unit 5.1 – Migration and development in Africa (podcast with Giorgia Giovannetti)
Unit 5.2 – Care and domestic workers in Italy (podcast with Maurizio Ambrosini)
Unit 5.4 – Indian migrants in Gulf region (podcast with Chinmay Tumbe)
This course examines Supreme Court decisions concerning the development of the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution. We will look specifically at establishment and free exercise; free speech, including obscene speech; 4th Amendment guarantees against unreasonable searches and seizures; the 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination; 8th Amendment prohibitions against cruel and usual punishment; as well as related cases that have recognized rights of historically marginalized groups in United States history, including African-Americans, women, and sexual minorities through these Amendments. Particular attention will be paid to how the Supreme Court has developed arguments which have expanded and contracted “rights” and “liberties.” We will also pay close attention to larger political contexts apart from court decisions that contribute to the overall development of “civil rights and civil liberties” in the United States.
This course is about the fundamental concepts of sociology; foundations of group life; social change, processes, and problems. This class describes the discipline of sociology—the study of social life. It is a fundamental social science (in good company with Economics, Psychology, History, Anthroplogy, Communication, and Political Science). What is interesting about sociology is that it actually tackles fundamental questions in each of these sub-disciplines. You might even call it the “father” of the social sciences. That said, it is a pretty new discipline (younger than our country). Still, we have done a lot in just a very short time. It is very likely that you have heard of some of its early founders—the most famous is Karl Marx but others include Max Weber and Emile Durkheim.
This course provides a general introduction to the conditions of refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants worldwide (data, regions, etc.) and an overview of the terminology used. It then analyses specific cases in the most relevant geographical contexts, including the asylum seekers arriving in Europe through the Mediterranean, the undocumented Mexican migrants crossing the US border, the Syrian refugees in Turkey and the Rohingya in Australia. In discussing these cases, we will explore the dilemmas behind humanitarian protection and irregular migration for labour purposes.
The course is based on video lectures, didactic videos and podcast interviews with international experts. Assignments consist of short quizzes for each unit and a journal exercise at the end of the course. Suggestions for further reading will be included in order to achieve a more in-depth understanding.
To learn more about the theories that explain international migration, check out Part 2: Theories
What will I learn?
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
- identify the fundamental terminology and concepts used to discuss about irregular migrants and asylum seekers;
- describe key case studies of irregular migration and asylum seeking in the world;
- discuss possible future scenarios and the social challenges posed by these migrations.
Who is this course for?
This course is meant as a general introduction to migration issues for students and practitioners.
What do I need to know?
Knowledge of English language is essential. Previous knowledge of basic sociological or economic debates can be an advantage, although this is not a compulsory prerequisite. The only other requirement is enthusiasm and interest in the topic.
Course Structure
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
Unit 1.1 – What are irregular migration and asylum?
Unit 1.2 – Let us talk about words!
CHAPTER 2 – EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Unit 2.1 – Irregular border crossings towards the EU
Unit 2.2 – Refugee status in Europe (podcast with Lilian Tsourdi)
Unit 2.3 – The case of Syrian refugees in Turkey (podcast with Fulya Memisoglu)
CHAPTER 3 – AMERICAS
Unit 3.1 – Irregular Latin-American migrants in US agriculture (podcast with Philip Martin)
Unit 3.2 – Gender and irregular migration in Latin America (podcast with Tanja Bastia)
CHAPTER 4 – ASIA AND OCEANIA
Unit 4.1 – Maritime arrivals in Australia
Unit 4.2 – The case of Rohingya refugees (podcast with Marie McAuliffe)
What makes a law just? In this course we explore fundamental questions about the nature of law and justice through engagement with the great texts of the western tradition. The course covers the sweep of documented history in five units: classical Greece, ancient Rome, early Christianity, the Enlightenment, and the age of market capitalism. The focus of this course is on law, because law is the meeting point between the theory and practice of justice. With Aristotle's Politics as our principal guide, we will participate in an ancient and enduring conversation about the nature of law and justice.
The common acceptance of globalization in today's world demonstrates the importance of understanding what happens in the global community. This course, therefore, introduces students to key concepts and principles relevant in international studies. We will explore and analyze global actors, trends, issues, challenges and concerns, as well as their interactions and the resulting implications. Moreover, we will examine and debate various critical international issues and explore a range of theoretical approaches that help us understand relations within and among the global community.
By the end of this course, students will:
- Become familiar with key concepts in the emerging area of implementation science;
- Build problem-solving and implementation capacity in local and international global health settings;
- Develop generalisable insights and best implementation practices.
Who is this course for?
Researchers, practitioners and students in Europe, the US and around the world interested in successful implementation of complex health programs that involve multiple interrelated clinical and public health solutions. The target audience includes employees of Ministries of Health, program and project managers in non-governmental organisations and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in a variety of health disciplines (medicine, public health, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy) as well as in fields such as engineering, management and economics.
What do I need to know?
Students will come from a variety of disciplines, but the course is generally best suited for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.
Course Structure
Chapter 0: Welcome
Students will discover the MOOC, its organisation and its main objectives.
They will be introduced to the notion of implementation science, its definition and how it can be a powerful tools for their research projects. They will discover practical examples of why we need implementation science.
Chapter 1: Preparing for change
Students will discover how to prepare their organisation for change.
Explanations will be given about the Lewin Stage Model, the theory of organisational readiness for change. Students will dive deeper into the topic with a case study.
Chapter 2: Designing change
Students will discover design thinking, a systematic way of introducing innovation into an organisation.
Many videos will present practical tools and methods (brainswarming, thinking hats, etc.). Design thinking will be illustrated with case presentation in the field of social innovation.
Chapter 3 : Implementing change
Students will explore tools and methods to implement their innovative solution (Implementation drivers and stages as well as the Hexagon Tools).
Students will dive deeper into the topic with a case study.
Chapter 4 : Sustaining change
Students will explore how to ensure that implementation continues over time.
They will discover key concepts such as the Run Charts, the wastes in Lean as well as the PDSA cycle and the Impact effort Matrix. A last cast study will be presented.
Chapter 5 : Final assessment
The last chapter will be dedicated to the final assessment.
Credits:
This MOOC is developed by the Centre Virchow-Villerme (a joint initiative between Charité and USPC) and is produced in collaboration with Université Paris Descartes, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health.
Licences:
The content of this MOOC is under Creative Commins licence CC-BY-SA.
What is it to be human? How did we get here, and what should we strive for, or try to be like? What can we hope for in this life, or (if there is one) the next? In this course we will consider and critically examine a variety of different answers to these questions, both Religious and Secular, from both the East and the West. We will examine accounts of human nature and destiny as presented in the writings of philosophers, theologians and authors whose works explore the fundamental meaning of our individual lives and the destiny of the human species.
Introduction to Management is a course that provides knowledge of interest to individuals of all ages and backgrounds who wish to learn more about managing careers, individuals, organizational situations, decisions, and relationships. The course features a graphic novel that chronicles the tales of Atlas Black as he works to fund his college expenses, start a new business, and act as a fledgling entrepreneur, along the way illustrating key concepts from principles of management. Recent studies conducted at OU find graphic novels are associated with superior student recall compared to traditional textbooks alone. The content of the course will use innovative delivery material including online lectures, a traditional textbook, and a graphic novel textbook, as well as a specific emphasis on businesses in the state of Oklahoma.
In unserem Kurs lernst du die Funktionsweise und Möglichkeiten der Autorensoftware Adobe Captivate kennen. Du lernst entlang des Workflows einer Lernmedienproduktion, wie du Module multimedial gestalten, interessante Lernwege entwickeln und die Lernenden mit Quizfragen und kleinen Aufgaben motivieren kannst.
Unser Lernweg startet mit dem Einrichten und Organisieren von Lernmedienprojekten, führt über die Programmfunktionen und die Audioaufzeichnung bis zur Ausspielung und Einbindung der fertigen Lernmodule. Du kannst also kursbegleitend dein eigenes erstes interaktives Lernmodul fertigstellen.
In Videos und PDFs vermitteln wir dir wichtiges Wissen. Darüber hinaus helfen dir praktische Aufgaben und Übungen dabei, das Erlernte anzuwenden, zu vertiefen und mit kreativen Ideen zu verbinden.
Für wen ist der Kurs geeignet?
Dieser Kurs ist für Lehrende in Schule, Hochschule und allen Weiterbildungseinrichtungen geeignet, die in die Online-Lehre einsteigen oder ihre bisherige Online-Lehre erweitern wollen. Wir freuen uns über die Teilnahme unterschiedlichster Menschen, Fächer und Fachgebiete und wünschen uns, dass alle Teilnehmer vom gegenseitigen Austausch profitieren - für mehr Spaß beim Lernen und Lehren.
Was werde ich in diesem Kurs lernen?
Die Kursteilnehmer erfahren, wie die Software Adobe Captivate aufgebaut ist und lernen die Software-Funktionen und einige Einsatzszenarien kennen. Du lernst den Workflow einer Lernmedienproduktion und welche Grundlagen der Medienproduktion und -gestaltung für die Erstellung eines Interaktiven Lernmoduls mit Captivate nötig sind.
Nach Kursende kannst du beurteilen, welche Software-Funktionen zu welchen Inhalten ihres Faches passen. Außerdem kannst du ein einfaches interaktives Lernmodul mit Audio erstellen und für deinen Bedarf exportieren.
Kursstruktur
Kapitel 1: Einrichten und Organisieren
Einrichten einer Projektdatei und Organisieren von Speicherständen und Exporten. Das schafft die Grundlage für ein effizientes und fehlerarmes Arbeiten, auch im Team.
Kapitel 2: Wissen präsentieren
Kennenlernen, Anwenden und Reflektieren der Captivate-Funktionen zur Darstellung von Wissensinhalten. Das ist die Grundlage zur Gestaltung von Lernmodulen für die unterschiedlichsten Fachgebiete.
Kapitel 3: Lernende aktivieren
Kennenlernen, Anwenden und Reflektieren der Captivate-Funktionen zum Einsatz von Interaktion mit den Wissensinhalten. Das ist die Grundlage um Lernende zu aktivieren, also auf ihrem Lernweg zu begleiten und automatisiertes Feedback zu ermöglich.
Kapitel 4: Audio einfügen
Kennenlernen, Anwenden und Reflektieren der Audiofunktion. Mithilfe von Sprache, Hörbeispielen, Musik o.ä. wachsen die Gestaltungs- und Lernmöglichkeiten weiter.
Kapitel 5: Lernmodule veröffentlichen
Kennenlernen und Anwenden der Funktion "Veröffentlichen" in Captivate. Das fertige Lernmodul den Lernenden zugänglich zu machen ist der finale aber komplexe Schlusspunkt.
Gateway to College Learning is a course that teaches incoming students how to successfully navigate OU and build a strong foundation for collegiate success. This course focuses on the process of learning and becoming a successful student rather than on a specific academic subject. This course features guest lecturers from across campus to share their insight on various topics. During the course, students will learn about the University of Oklahoma and the many resources available to them, develop and refine academic skills that will help ensure collegiate success, and have opportunities to better understand themselves as students and citizens of their communities.
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